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Estrogenic compounds exert a vast variety of effects in wildlife and humans. Endogenous estrogens, like estradiol, regulate growth and development of their target tissues. Exogenous compounds with estrogenic and/or anti-estrogenic activities may disrupt these regulatory pathways. Environmental or industrial chemicals and phytoestrogens interfering with the hormonal or endocrine system are defined...
In response to concern over possible human exposure to endocrine active chemicals the USEPA has proposed an Endocrine Disruptor screening program to evaluate endocrine-disrupting properties of chemical substances and common mixtures. The program will evaluate tens of thousands of compounds and as a result assays will need to be developed that will allow for the screening of a large number of chemicals...
Steroid hormone receptors regulate embryonic development and sex differentiation by acting as ligand inducible transcription factors. Disrupting these processes can result in transient yet irreversible developmental defects. Several environmental chemicals have recently been identified with antiandrogen activity that have the potential to disrupt normal male sex development in utero. Detection of...
Research over the past years has revealed that numerous compounds present in our environment exert hormonal activity and thus have the potential to interfere with the endocrine system of humans and animals. These endocrine active compounds comprise both naturally occurring substances and man-made chemicals, and their chemical structures are surprisingly diverse. This chapter provides an overview of...
The present review summarizes data on the time course and physiological function of the three major endogenous estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) during the different phases of life in the human female and male. During fetal life, E3 is the most abundant estrogen produced by the fetoplacental unit. E3 affects cerbral development, leads to breast gland swelling in both girls...
Phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens are naturally occurring dietary compounds that strongly resemble the structrure of the mammalian steroidal estrogens. Lignans, isoflavones, and coumestans are the three major classes of phytoestrogens to which humans and animals are exposed. Animals may be exposed to high levels of phytoestrogens while grazing in pastures or consuming feed rich in clover of alfalfa...
A diverse number of chemicals present in the environment may be detrimental to the development and reproduction of wildlife and humans. These chemicals exert their effect through mimicking endogenous estrogens. Two xenoestrogens that are currently produced in large volumes are alkylphenols and bisphenol A (BPA). These chemicals demonstrate estrogenic activity; they increase the proliferation of estrogen...
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (hydroxy-PCBs) and various organochlorine pesticides have been identified as environmental contaminants, and three has been some concernregarding their potential adverse effects as endocrine-active agents. Initial studies showed that two synthetic compounds, 2′,4′,6′-trichloro- and 2′,3′,4′,5′-tetrachloro-4-biphenylol (HO-PCB3 and HO-PCB4, respectively), bound...
Phthalate esters are ubiquitous in today’s environment. Both terrestrial and aquatic organisms are subject to a low level but constant exposure to this class of chemicals. Until very recently, it was not thought likely that any phthalates would display endocrine activity, and hence very little, if any, research focused on this possibility. When reproductive effects were observed, they were not interpreted...
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